Barack Obama: Way Too Black but Not Nearly Black Enough

This week (last Saturday), U.S. Senator Barack Obama (D-IL) surprised no one by officially announcing that he would seek his party’s nomination to run for president of the United States next year. As the first black presidential candidate branded as “viable” by the mainstream media, it is also not unexpected that much of the discussion this week centered on whether it was more likely for a black man or a white woman (i.e., U.S. Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton, D-NY) to be elected president.

What many might have found surprising is the rather widespread discussion of how much support Obama has in the black community. We aren’t surprised one bit. This controversy centers on two axes.

On the one hand, whites generally perceive African Americans as a monolithic voting bloc. While it is true that black voters overwhelmingly support Democratic candidates, such support has been eroding for the past decade. One illustration of this is the slate of very strong black Republican candidates for high-profile statewide offices last year. But this assumption also rests largely on the tacit racist belief that blacks are less sophisticated voters than whites, and that no matter what a candidate’s position on issues or other qualifications, black voters will be drawn to black candidates by virtue of the commonality of their skin color. This is no more true than an assumption that women tend to vote for women candidates based primarily on their gender, which research has shown not to be the case at all.

The other element of this issue is more complicated, but something that our research has revealed to be increasingly common over the past five years. As more black candidates move through the ranks of local and state government and become legitimate contenders for higher positions, black candidates are running against one another, often in districts that are majority black or majority-minority. What we have observed is that when this happens, particularly if there is a generational difference between the candidates, some of the campaign rhetoric centers on what we have labeled “an appeal to African American authenticity.” That is, to compete for black votes, one candidate (usually the older one) will argue that he or she is blacker than the other candidate. This appeal varies from skin tone (literally blacker) to lived experience (the older candidate usually makes references to fighting during the height of the black civil rights movement in the 1960s) to education (particularly if one candidate was educated at an historically black college or a state school and the other attended an Ivy League school).

We saw these types of appeals in 2002 and 2004 in Alabama’s 7th Congressional District race between Artur Davis and Earl Hilliard; in Georgia’s 4th Congressional District race between Cynthia McKinney and Denise Majette in 2002; and in the 2000 and 2004 Newark mayoral races between Corey Booker and Sharpe James (see the excellent film Street Fight for documentation of this contest). In fact, Obama’s failed 2002 Congressional bid to replace incumbent Bobby Rush included suggestions of Obama’s lack of authenticity.

Obama’s perceived authenticity runs even deeper than his light skin (due to the fact that his mother was white) and his Ivy League education. Since his father was from Kenya and therefore is not the descendent of slaves, some have claimed that Obama does not have the right to claim to be African American (see Stephen Colbert’s interview with one of those folks here).

So, as we predicted in our December 1, 2006 blog, Obama has an uphill battle that is rooted in race, but not always in the ways we traditionally think of it. Many black leaders have long-standing associations with the Clinton family stemming back to the early 1990s, and such allegiances will be uncomfortable to sever, even if those leaders wish to shift support, which is certainly not a given even though there is a viable black candidate now in the race.


Read Some Other Stories About Black support for Obama at/in:

NPR
Time Magazine
My Direct Democracy
Black People Speak
Philadelphia Star Telegram
News Max

You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby (Doll)!

17-year-old high school student Kiri Davis has produced a seven-minute documentary that is leaving audiences scratching their collective heads. She has replicated Kenneth Clark’s famous experiment from the 1940s by asking young African American children in New York City to select from two dolls that are identical except for their race. Overwhelmingly, like in the first experiment, children chose the white doll to play with, identified the white doll as the “nice” doll, and correctly noted that the black doll looked more like themselves.

These findings are important for several reasons.

First, they demonstrate that the original study’s results are not a function of “old” racist attitudes (that is, openly bigoted attitudes). We are clearly not “past all of that,” as many, if not most, white Americans believe. The revelation that at our core we are not more progressive than past generations is an important illustration of the pervasiveness of a seemingly (to whites) invisible undercurrent of white supremacy in our culture. Last month, ABC’s Primetime aired a replication of Stanley Milgram’s famous study of obedience to authority that was originally conducted in the 1960s. The new study revealed that current participants were just as likely to continue to punish (i.e., administer increasingly high levels of electronic shocks) to a stranger when urged to do so by an authority figure (i.e., a researcher in a white lab coat). As if we needed proof that the Holocaust was not an isolated incident after what’s happening in the Sudan or in Rwanda in 1994, this is powerful evidence of our ability to be persuaded to act against our conscious desires and interests – an ability that many would have liked to ascribe to a previous generation or a previous culture of obedience.

Second, the findings illustrate that combating racism will take much more than changing the hearts and minds of white folks so that they are more accepting of and less prejudicial toward people of color. When we reduce racism to individual-level hatred of those of another race, we ignore the real power of its curse – a power revealed in this young student’s replication of an important social experiment. Racism fosters white supremacist feelings in all of the people of a culture in which it operates. It does NOT simply cause people of different races to judge each other harshly.

That’s bigotry, and that’s a horrible thing, as well. But we can get past that, and most of us have. But it is the very invisibility of the persistent enculturation of racist values into people of all colors that is most dangerous. The black children in this experiment did not choose as “nice” the doll that they admit did not look like them because they have been called the n-word by white people. They did not decide to play with the white baby because a mean old white guy refused to give their parents a loan for a new home. They did not learn self-loathing because of peers telling them explicitly that white is good and black is bad. While too many of these things still happen, they happen far less frequently than they did when the original experiment was conducted in the 1940s.

So why the same results? Because we have only been addressing the symptoms of racism and ignoring and/or wishing away the root causes. The actor/comic D.L. Hughely used an excellent analogy in response to Senator Joe Biden’s remarks about Barack Obama (see last week’s blog for more on that issue): “It’s like weight loss. The last few pounds are the hardest to get rid of. It’s the last vestiges of racism that are hard to get rid of.” The last vestiges are not the few Archie Bunkers running around; the last vestiges are the parts of racism that white folks would rather not consider, but Davis’s film forces us to confront them.

It’s ironic that a study about babies taught us how deeply ingrained racism was sixty years ago, and a young girl who is only a decade older than the children she interviewed turns out to offer one of the strongest reminders to date that we haven’t come as far as we’d like to think we have.


Watch “A Girl Like Me”